Islam and Europe Timeline (3. A. D.)Islam and Europe Timeline (3. A. D.)3. 55: After removing a Roman temple from the site (possibly the Temple of Aphrodite built by Hadrian), Constantine I has the Church of the Holy Sepulcher constructed in Jerusalem. Built around the excavated hill of the Crucifixion, legend has it that Constantine's mother Helena discovered the True Cross here. Foundation of the first Islamic community; social and economic reforms. Starting point of the Islamic calendar.
The Oakland Raiders are a professional American football franchise based in Oakland, California. The team was founded on January 30, 1960, and commenced operations on. Jessie Hester, WR, Florida State 3a. Tim Moffett, WR, Mississippi 3b. Stefon Adams, DB, East Carolina 4. Jamie Kimmel, LB, Syracuse 5. Dan Reeder, RB, Delaware. Find out more about the history of Crusades, including videos, interesting articles, pictures, historical features and more. Get all the facts on HISTORY.com. I have been making historic props and replicas since the early 90's. Among my favourite replicas are those from the Indiana Jones series of films and books. 1967 Oakland Raiders season; Head coach: John Rauch: Owner: F. Wayne Valley: Home field: Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum: Results; Record: 13–1: Division place.
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He chose now to emphasize the Arabness of the new religion and has his followers face Mecca when praying instead of Jerusalem. In the end, all the Jews were either banished or executed. Muhammad's chief rival in Mecca, Abu Jahl, was executed. Muhammad's forces in Medina during the battle of the Trench. Even with 1. 0,0. Muhammad suspected the Banu Quraiza Jews of helping the Meccans and had all the men killed. Fortunately they agreed to negotiate with Muhammad and then later agreed to the Pact of Hudaibiya, ending hostilities and allowing for Muslim pilgrimages.
Muhammad took control of the city and made it the spiritual center of Islam. His father- in- law, Abu- Bakr, and Umar devised a system to allow Islam to sustain religious and political stability. Accepting the name of caliph (. Abu- Bakr then moved northward, defeating Byzantine and Persian forces. Abu- Bakr died two years later and Umar succeeded him as the second caliph, launching a new campaign against the neighboring empires.
Abu Bakr, the first caliph (khalifa) reimposes the authority of the Islamic government throughout Arabia and sends Arab armies of conquest against Mesopotamia and Syria. The Muslims subjugate Egypt, Palestine, Syria, Mesopotamia and Persia. Garrisons established in the conquered lands, and the Muslim rulers begin to take control of financial organisation. However, Byzantine commander, Ba. This leaves all of Syria open to Arab domination. A second victory follows at Jalula, near Ctesiphon.
By 6. 51, the entire Persian realm would come under the rule of Islam and continued its westward expansion. Muslims capture the sea port of Caesarea in Palestine, marking end of the Byzantine presence in Syria. The Catholic Archbishop invites Muslims to help free Egypt from Roman oppressors. Amr forbids the looting of the city and proclaims freedom of worship for all. According to some accounts, he also has what was left of the Great Library burned the following year.
Al- As creates the first Muslim city in Egypt, al- Fustat, and builds there the first mosque in Egypt. Rallies arise to support Ali, Muhammad's cousin and son- in- law, as caliph. Uthman launches invasions to the west into North Africa. The island would remain in Muslim hands until 0. The battle takes place off the coast of Lycia and is an important stage in the decline of Byzantine power. Ali's followers form a religious party called Shiites and insist that only descendants of Ali deserve the title of caliph or deserve any authority over Muslims. The opposing party, the Sunnites, insist on the customs of the historical evolution of the caliphate rather than a hereditary descent of spiritual authority.
A year prior, the Fertile Crescent and Persia yielded to the Umayyad and Abbasid caliphates, whose rule lasted until 1. Sicily is attacked by Muslims sailing from Tunisia. The Greeks are able to fend off repeated attacks with a weapon desperately feared by the Arabs: Greek Fire.
It burned through ships, shields, and flesh and it could not be put out once it started. Muawiyah has to send emissaries to Byzantine Emperor Constans to beg him to let the survivors return home unimpeded, a request that is granted in exchange for a yearly tribute of 3,0. Arab horses. The region would be open to the rule of the Umayyad and Abbasid caliphates until 8. Serving as Mayor of the Palace of the kingdom of the Franks, Charles would lead a force of Christians that turn back a Muslim raiding party near Poitiers (or Tours) which, according to many historians, would effectively halt the advance of Islam against Christianity in the West. Leo's tactical skills would be responsible for turning back the second Arab Muslim siege of Constantinople in 0.
Sanctuary is a city built on top of Dahl's prime mining ship of the same name, sent to Pandora to mine precious minerals from an area now known as the.
Temple of Doom title card. Several elements considered for Raiders of the Lost Ark were recycled for use in Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom.
For the next 3. 00 years, Cyprus is ruled jointly by both the Byzantines and the Arabs despite the continuing warfare between them elsewhere. It is under Hisham that Muslim forces would make their deepest incursions into Western Europe before being stopped by Charles Martel at the Battle of Poitiers in 0. Muslims began the conquest of Sindh in Afghanistan.
The first stop in the Muslim conquest of Spain is at the foot of a mountain that comes to be called Jabel Tarik, the Mountain of Tarik. Today it is known as Gibraltar. At one time the Berbers had been Christians but they recently converted in large numbers to Islam after the Arab conquest of North Africa. Tariq ibn Ziyad had landed at Gibraltar with 7,0. Muslims at the invitation of heirs of the late Visigoth King Witica (Witiza) who wanted to get rid of Rodrigo (this group includes Oppas, the bishop of Toledo and primate of all Spain, who happens to be the brother of the late king Witica). Ziyad, however, refuses to turn control of the region back over to the heirs of Witica. Almost the entire Iberian peninsula would come under Islamic control by 7.
Musa's father had been a Catholic Yemenite studying to be a priest in Iraq when he was captured in Iraq by Khalid, the . This invasion of Iraq had been one of the last military orders given by Muhammed before his death. Son of Charles Martel and father of Charlemagne, in 0.
Pippin would capture Narbonne, the last Muslim stronghold in France, and thereby drive Islam out of France. The Muslim conquest of Spain only took around three years but the Christian reconquest would require around 4. Christian kingdoms not been at each other' throats much of the time). Musa's son, Abd el- Aziz, is left in charge and makes his capital the city of Seville, where he married Egilona, widow of king Rodrigo. Caliph Suleiman, a paranoid ruler, would have el- Aziz assassinated and sends Musa into exile in his native Yemen village to live out his days as a beggar.
Another force of around 1. Muslims with 1,8. Syria and Egypt to assist. Most of these reinforcements are quickly destroyed with Greek Fire. Eventually the Muslims outside Constantinople begin to starve and, in the winter, they also begin to freeze to death.
Even the Bulgarians, usually hostile to the Byzantines, send a force to destroy Muslim reinforcements marching from Adrianopolis. Their failure here leads to the weakening of the Umayyad government, in part because of the heavy losses. It is estimated that of the 2. Constantinople, only around 3. Although the Byzantine Empire also sustains heavily casualties and loses most its territory south of the Taurus Mountains, by holding the line here they prevent a disorganized and militarily inferior Europe from having to confront a Muslim invasion along the shortest possible route. Instead, the Arabic invasion of Europe must proceed along the longer path across northern Africa and into Spain, a route which prevents quick reinforcement and ultimately proves ineffective.
Al- Semah is killed and his remaining forces, which had previously conquered Narbonne, are forced back across the Pyrenees into Spain. This is generally regarded as the first real Christian victory over the Muslims in the Reconquista. It is under Hisham that Muslim forces make their deepest incursions into Western Europe before being stopped by Charles Martel at the Battle of Poitiers in 0.
Primary targets in these and other raids are churches and monasteries where the Muslims take away holy objects and enslave or kill all the clerics. Many regard this battle as being decisive in that it saved Europe from Muslim control. Perhaps the interpretation of the Koran would now be taught in the schools of Oxford, and her pulpits might demonstrate to a circumcised people the sanctity and truth of the revelation of Muhammed. The names of Tours, Poitiers, and Charles Martel do not appear in the Arab histories. They list the battle under the name Balat al- Shuhada, the Highway of Martyrs, and is treated as a minor engagement. Childebrand is successful and, according to records, has all the Muslims in the city killed. Leo's tactical skills were responsible for turning back the second Arab Muslim siege of Constantinople in 0.
As Mayor of the Palace of the kingdom of the Franks, Charles had led a force of Christians that turned back a Muslim raiding party near Poitiers (or Tours) which, according to many historians, effectively halted the advance of Islam against Christianity in the West. It was under Hisham that Muslim forces made their deepest incursions into Western Europe before being stopped by Charles Martel at the Battle of Poitiers in 0.
The Abbasid Caliphate would last until 1. Cordova would become independent of the Abbasid Empire and represents the first major political division within Islam. The political and geographic isolation of the Cordova Caliphate would make it easier for Christians to decisively conquer it despite their failures elsewhere, although this would not be completed until 1. In capturing this city Pippin III (Pippin the Short) ends the Muslim incursions in France. Son of Charles Martel and father of Charlemagne, in 7. Pippin captured Narbonne, the last Muslim stronghold in France, and thereby drove Islam out of France. Charlemagne obliges them, but is forced to retreat after only getting as far as Saragossa.
It is during his march back through the Pyrenees that his forces are set upon by Basques. Among the many who die is the war leader Roland from Breton, killed in Roncevalles, whose memory has been preserved in the . His successor is Hisham I.
Tens of thousands from as far away as Syria heed his call and cross the Pyrennes to subjugate France. Cities like Narbonne are destroyed, but the invasion is ultimately hated at Carcassone.