Death - Wikipedia. Death is the cessation of all biological functions that sustain a living organism. Phenomena which commonly bring about death include biological aging (senescence), predation, malnutrition, disease, suicide, homicide, starvation, dehydration, and accidents or trauma resulting in terminal injury. Other concerns include fear of death, necrophobia, anxiety, sorrow, grief, emotional pain, depression, sympathy, compassion, solitude, or saudade. Many culture and religions have the idea of an afterlife, and also hold the idea of reward or judgement and punishment for past sin.
Etymology. The word death comes from Old Englishd. This comes from the Proto- Indo- European stem *dheu- meaning the . When a person has died, it is also said they have passed away, passed on, expired, or are gone, among numerous other socially accepted, religiously specific, slang, and irreverent terms. Bereft of life, the dead person is then a corpse, cadaver, a body, a set of remains, and when all flesh has rotted away, a skeleton.
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The terms carrion and carcass can also be used, though these more often connote the remains of non- human animals. As a polite reference to a dead person, it has become common practice to use the participle form of . The ashes left after a cremation are sometimes referred to by the neologismcremains, a portmanteau of . Animal and plant cells normally reproduce and function during the whole period of natural existence, but the aging process derives from deterioration of cellular activity and ruination of regular functioning. Aptitude of cells for gradual deterioration and mortality means that cells are naturally sentenced to stable and long- term loss of living capacities, even despite continuing metabolic reactions and viability.
In the United Kingdom, for example, nine out of ten of all the deaths that occur on a daily basis relates to senescence, while around the world it accounts for two- thirds of 1. Hayflick & Moody, 2. Almost all animals who survive external hazards to their biological functioning eventually die from biological aging, known in life sciences as . Some organisms experience negligible senescence, even exhibiting biological immortality. These include the jellyfish Turritopsis dohrnii.
Unnatural causes of death include suicide and homicide. From all causes, roughly 1. In general, clinical death is neither necessary nor sufficient for a determination of legal death. A patient with working heart and lungs determined to be brain dead can be pronounced legally dead without clinical death occurring. As scientific knowledge and medicine advance, formulating a precise medical definition of death becomes more difficult. This is generally a steady decline until matching ambient temperature.
1 Corinthians 15 New International Version (NIV) The Resurrection of Christ. 15 Now, brothers and sisters, I want to remind you of the gospel I preached to you, which. On October 6, 2009, my 20-year-old son Erik, took his own life. Since that sad and tragic day, an overwhelming sense of grief and despair propelled me into a search. All data were collected from the IDL database (France, Japan, UK and US, 1968–2006). The lines represent the.
Rigor mortis, the limbs of the corpse become stiff (Latin rigor) and difficult to move or manipulate. Decomposition, the reduction into simpler forms of matter, accompanied by a strong, unpleasant odor. Problems of definition.
French – 1. 6th- /1. Monk and Death, recalling mortality and the certainty of death (Walters Art Museum)The concept of death is a key to human understanding of the phenomenon. For example, brain death, as practiced in medical science, defines death as a point in time at which brain activity ceases.
As a point in time, death would seem to refer to the moment at which life ends. Determining when death has occurred requires drawing precise conceptual boundaries between life and death. This is difficult, due to there being little consensus on how to define life. This general problem applies to the particular challenge of defining death in the context of medicine. It is possible to define life in terms of consciousness. When consciousness ceases, a living organism can be said to have died. One of the flaws in this approach is that there are many organisms which are alive but probably not conscious (for example, single- celled organisms).
Another problem is in defining consciousness, which has many different definitions given by modern scientists, psychologists and philosophers. Additionally, many religious traditions, including Abrahamic and Dharmic traditions, hold that death does not (or may not) entail the end of consciousness.
In certain cultures, death is more of a process than a single event. It implies a slow shift from one spiritual state to another. Thus, the definition of . Death was once defined as the cessation of heartbeat (cardiac arrest) and of breathing, but the development of CPR and prompt defibrillation have rendered that definition inadequate because breathing and heartbeat can sometimes be restarted.
Events which were causally linked to death in the past no longer kill in all circumstances; without a functioning heart or lungs, life can sometimes be sustained with a combination of life support devices, organ transplants and artificial pacemakers. Today, where a definition of the moment of death is required, doctors and coroners usually turn to . It is presumed that an end of electrical activity indicates the end of consciousness. Suspension of consciousness must be permanent, and not transient, as occurs during certain sleep stages, and especially a coma. In the case of sleep, EEGs can easily tell the difference.
The category of . Franklin Miller, senior faculty member at the Department of Bioethics, National Institutes of Health, notes: . These patients maintained the ability to sustain circulation and respiration, control temperature, excrete wastes, heal wounds, fight infections and, most dramatically, to gestate fetuses (in the case of pregnant . Eventually it is possible that the criterion for death will be the permanent and irreversible loss of cognitive function, as evidenced by the death of the cerebral cortex.
All hope of recovering human thought and personality is then gone given current and foreseeable medical technology. At present, in most places the more conservative definition of death – irreversible cessation of electrical activity in the whole brain, as opposed to just in the neo- cortex – has been adopted (for example the Uniform Determination Of Death Act in the United States). In 2. 00. 5, the Terri Schiavo case brought the question of brain death and artificial sustenance to the front of American politics. Even by whole- brain criteria, the determination of brain death can be complicated. EEGs can detect spurious electrical impulses, while certain drugs, hypoglycemia, hypoxia, or hypothermia can suppress or even stop brain activity on a temporary basis. Because of this, hospitals have protocols for determining brain death involving EEGs at widely separated intervals under defined conditions.
Legal. The death of a person has legal consequences that may vary between different jurisdictions. A death certificate is issued in most jurisdictions, either by a doctor, or by an administrative office upon presentation of a doctor's declaration of death. Misdiagnosed. There are many anecdotal references to people being declared dead by physicians and then . From the mid- 1. 8th century onwards, there was an upsurge in the public's fear of being mistakenly buried alive.
Various suggestions were made to test for signs of life before burial, ranging from pouring vinegar and pepper into the corpse's mouth to applying red hot pokers to the feet or into the rectum. Ouseley claimed that as many as 2,7. England and Wales, although others estimated the figure to be closer to 8.
People found unconscious under icy water may survive if their faces are kept continuously cold until they arrive at an emergency room. The lack of electrical brain activity may not be enough to consider someone scientifically dead. Therefore, the concept of information- theoretic death. The leading causes in developed countries are atherosclerosis (heart disease and stroke), cancer, and other diseases related to obesity and aging. By an extremely wide margin, the largest unifying cause of death in the developed world is biological aging. These conditions cause loss of homeostasis, leading to cardiac arrest, causing loss of oxygen and nutrient supply, causing irreversible deterioration of the brain and other tissues.
Of the roughly 1. Home deaths, once commonplace, are now rare in the developed world. Tobacco smoking caused an estimated 1. One such disease is tuberculosis, a bacterial disease which killed 1. M people in 2. 01.
Ziegler says worldwide approximately 6. M people died from all causes and of those deaths more than 3. M died of hunger or diseases due to deficiencies in micronutrients. The evolutionary cause of aging is, at best, only just beginning to be understood.
It has been suggested that direct intervention in the aging process may now be the most effective intervention against major causes of death. He demonstrated that stress decreases adaptability of an organism and proposed to describe the adaptability as a special resource, adaptation energy.
The animal dies when this resource is exhausted. Later on, Goldstone proposed the concept of a production or income of adaptation energy which may be stored (up to a limit), as a capital reserve of adaptation. It is demonstrated that oscillations of well- being appear when the reserve of adaptability is almost exhausted. In high- income and middle income countries nearly half up to more than two thirds of all people live beyond the age of 7.
In low- income countries, where less than one in five of all people reach the age of 7. It is usually performed by a specialized medical doctor called a pathologist. Autopsies are either performed for legal or medical purposes.
A forensic autopsy is carried out when the cause of death may be a criminal matter, while a clinical or academic autopsy is performed to find the medical cause of death and is used in cases of unknown or uncertain death, or for research purposes. Autopsies can be further classified into cases where external examination suffices, and those where the body is dissected and an internal examination is conducted.