Celtic Myth and Moonlight . Santa Claus, or Santa, is a figure in the culture of North America, The United Kingdom, Ireland,Australia, New Zealand and more who reflects an amalgamation of the Dutch Sinterklaas, the English Father Christmas, and Christmas gift- bringers in other traditions. Santa Claus is said to bring gifts to the homes of good children during the late evening and overnight hours of Christmas Eve, December 2. Santa Claus in this contemporary understanding echoes aspects of hagiographical tales concerning the historical figure of gift- giver Saint Nicholas, the man from whom the name of Santa Claus derives and in whose honor Santa Claus may be referred to as Saint Nicholas or Saint Nick. Santa Claus is generally depicted as a plump, jolly, white- bearded man wearing a red coat with white collar and cuffs, white- cuffed red trousers, and black leather belt and boots (images of him rarely have a beard with no moustache). This image became popular in the United States and Canada in the 1.
Thomas Nast. This image has been maintained and reinforced through song, radio, television, children's books and films. The North American depiction of Santa Claus as it developed in the 1. Father Christmas, Sinterklaas and Saint Nicholas in European culture. According to a tradition which can be traced to the 1. Santa Claus lives at the North Pole, with a large number of magical elves, and nine (originally eight) flying reindeer. Since the 2. 0th century, in an idea popularized by the 1.
He accomplishes this feat with the aid of the elves who make the toys in the workshop and the reindeer who pull his sleigh. Predecessor Figures Saint Nicholas of Myra is the primary inspiration for the Christian figure of Sinterklaas. He was a 4th century Greek Christian bishop of Myra (now Demre) in Lycia, a province of the Byzantine Anatolia, now in Turkey. Nicholas was famous for his generous gifts to the poor, in particular presenting the three impoverished daughters of a pious Christian with dowries so that they would not have to become prostitutes. He was very religious from an early age and devoted his life entirely to Christianity. In Europe (more precisely the Netherlands, Belgium, Austria and Germany) he is still portrayed as a bearded bishop in canonical robes. In 1. 08. 7, the Italian city of Bari, wanting to enter the profitable pilgrimage industry of the times, mounted an expedition to locate the tomb of the Christian Saint and procure his remains.
Nicholas was desecrated by Italian sailors and the spoils, including his relics, taken to Bari where they are kept to this day. A basilica was constructed the same year to store the loot and the area became a pilgrimage site for the devout, thus justifying the economic cost of the expedition. Saint Nicholas was later claimed as a patron saint of many diverse groups, from archers, sailors, and children to pawnbrokers. He is also the patron saint of both Amsterdam and Moscow. Influence of Germanic Paganism and Folklore Numerous parallels have been drawn between Santa Claus and the figure of Odin, a major god amongst the Germanic peoples prior to their Christianization.
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Since many of these elements are unrelated to Christianity, there are theories regarding the pagan origins of various customs of the holiday stemming from areas where the Germanic peoples were Christianized and retained elements of their indigenous traditions, surviving in various forms into modern depictions of Santa Claus. Odin was sometimes recorded, at the native Germanic holiday of Yule, as leading a great hunting party through the sky. Two books from Iceland, the Poetic Edda, compiled in the 1.
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Prose Edda, written in the 1. Snorri Sturluson, describe Odin as riding an eight- legged horse named Sleipnir that could leap great distances, giving rise to comparisons to Santa Claus's reindeer.
Further, Odin was referred to by many names in Skaldic poetry, some of which describe his appearance or functions. According to some traditions, children would place their boots, filled with carrots, straw, or sugar, near the chimney for Odin's flying horse, Sleipnir, to eat. This practice still survives in Germany, Belgium, and the Netherlands and became associated with Saint Nicholas since Christianization.
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In other countries it has been replaced by the hanging of stockings at the chimney in homes. Originating from pre- Christian Alpine traditions and influenced by later Christianization, the Krampus is represented as a Companion of Saint Nicholas. Traditionally, some young men dress up as the Krampus in the first two weeks of December and particularly on the evening of December 5 and roam the streets frightening children (and adults) with rusty chains and bells. Dutch Folklore In the Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg, Saint Nicolas, (.
His feast on December 6 came to be celebrated in many countries with the giving of gifts. However, in the Netherlands the Dutch celebrate on the evening of December 5, with a celebration called . In the Reformation in 1. Europe, many Protestants and others changed the gift bringer to the Christ Child or Christkindl, and the date for giving gifts changed from December 6 to Christmas Eve. Tradition holds that Saint Nicholas (Sinterklaas) and his aides arrive each year by steam boat from Spain in mid November carrying a book that contains notes on all children that indicate whether the child has been good or naughty during the year and gifts, chocolate letters and spice nuts to be handed to the well- behaved children.
During the subsequent three weeks, Saint Nicholas is believed to ride a white- grey horse over the rooftops at night, delivering gifts through the chimney to the well- behaved children, while the naughty children risk being caught by Saint Nicholas' aides that carry jute bags and willow canes for that purpose. In contrast to Santa Claus, Sinterklaas is an elderly, stately and serious man with white hair and a long, full beard.
He wears a long red cape or chasuble over a traditional white bishop's alb and sometimes red stola, dons a red mitre, and holds a gold- coloured crosier, a long ceremonial shepherd's staff with a fancy curled top. He carries a big book that tells whether each individual child has been good or naughty in the past year.
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He traditionally rides a white gray. In Netherlands and Belgium the character of Santa Claus, is known as de Kerstman in Dutch (. Although for kids Sinterklaas is the predominant gift- giver in the Netherlands in December (3. Sinterklaas day), Christmas is used by another fifth of the Dutch population to give presents.
Some 2. 6% of the Dutch population give presents on both days. In Belgium, presents are given to children only, but to almost all of them, on Sinterklaas day. On Christmas Day, everybody receives presents, but often without Santa Claus' help.
Scandinavian Folklore. In the 1. 84. 0s, an elf in Nordic folklore called . The Tomte was portrayed as a short, bearded man dressed in gray clothes and a red hat. This new version of the age- old folkloric creature was obviously inspired by the Santa Claus traditions that were now spreading to Scandinavia. By the end of the 1. Norway and Sweden, replacing the Yule Goat. The same thing happened in Finland, but there the more human figure retained the Yule Goat name.
But even though the tradition of the Yule Goat as a bringer of presents is now all but extinct, a straw goat is still a common Christmas decoration in all of Scandinavia. Father Christmas Father Christmas dates back at least as far as the 1. Britain, and pictures of him survive from that era, portraying him as a jolly well- nourished bearded man dressed in a long, green, fur- lined robe. He typified the spirit of good cheer at Christmas, and was reflected as the . In the British colonies of North America and later the United States, British and Dutch versions of the gift- giver merged further.
For example, in Washington Irving's History of New York, (1. Sinterklaas was Americanized into . Irving's book was a lampoon of the Dutch culture of New York, and much of this portrait is his joking invention.
Century. In 1. 82. A New- year's present, to the little ones from five to twelve is published in New York. It contains Old Santeclaus, an anonymous poem describing an old man on a reindeer sleigh, bringing presents to children. Some modern ideas of Santa Claus seemingly became canon after the publication of the poem .
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Many of his modern attributes are established in this poem, such as riding in a sleigh that lands on the roof, entering through the chimney, and having a bag full of toys. Nick is described as being . The reindeer were also named: Dasher, Dancer, Prancer, Vixen, Comet, Cupid, Dunder and Blixem (Dunder and Blixem came from the old Dutch words for thunder and lightning, which were later changed to the more German sounding Donner and Blitzen). As years pass, Santa Claus evolves in popular culture into a large, heavyset person. One of the first artists to define Santa Claus's modern image was Thomas Nast, an American cartoonist of the 1.
In 1. 86. 3, a picture of Santa illustrated by Nast appeared in Harper's Weekly. The story that Santa Claus lives at the North Pole may also have been a Nast creation. His Christmas image in the Harper’s issue dated December 2. Santa Claus and His Works, which included the caption . Webster, who wrote that Santa Claus’s home was .
The tale had become well known by the 1. A boy from Colorado writing to the children's magazine The Nursery in late 1. In 1. 88. 9, the poet Katherine Lee Bates popularized Mrs. The editorial, which included the famous reply Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus, has become an indelible part of popular Christmas lore in the United States and Canada.
Century L. Frank Baum's The Life and Adventures of Santa Claus, a 1. Santa Claus. Much of Santa Claus's mythos was not set in stone at the time, leaving Baum to give his . Claus's immortality was earned, much like his title (.